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- <text id=94TT1172>
- <title>
- Sep. 05, 1994: Medicine:A Deadly Virus Escapes
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Sep. 05, 1994 Ready to Talk Now?:Castro
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- MEDICINE, Page 63
- A Deadly Virus Escapes
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Concerns about lab security arise as a mysterious disease from
- Brazil strikes a Yale researcher
- </p>
- <p>By Michael D. Lemonick-Reported by Alice Park/New York
- </p>
- <p> The accident must have come as a horrifying shock, even for
- an experienced scientist. One minute, a sample was spinning
- in a high-speed centrifuge. Then, suddenly, the container cracked,
- and the sample--tissue contaminated by a rare, potentially
- lethal virus--spattered the inside of the centrifuge. Fortunately,
- the Yale University researcher working with the deadly germs
- was wearing a lab gown, latex gloves and a mask, as required
- under federal guidelines. He also knew the proper procedure
- for dealing with a deadly spill: rub every surface with bleach,
- sterilize all instruments that have been exposed, then wipe
- everything down again with alcohol. There was just one rule
- he failed to follow. Having decided the danger was over, he
- didn't bother to report the accident, and a few days later he
- left town to visit an old friend in Boston.
- </p>
- <p> Bad move. Although he would not realize it for about a week,
- the scientist--his name has not been officially released--had been infected with the mysterious Brazilian Sabia virus.
- Soon after he got back to Yale, he was running a fever that
- reached 103F. An experimental antiviral drug eventually stopped
- the illness, but the man had exposed five people, including
- two children, before being confined to a hospital isolation
- ward, and another 75 or so health-care workers after that. All
- of them are under observation. While the patient slowly recovered
- last week, Yale officials had to decide whether he would be
- disciplined for breaking lab rules. They also suspended all
- research on live Sabia virus and called in the federal Centers
- for Disease Control to evaluate the setup and procedures at
- the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit, where the accident took place.
- Says Dr. Peter Galbraith of the Connecticut health department:
- "We are concerned that the incident was not reported immediately.
- But all our information at this point indicates it's a well-run
- lab."
- </p>
- <p> Luckily, there was never much danger to the general public.
- The concerns will only intensify in the weeks ahead with the
- publication of the gripping book Hot Zone, about a deadly-virus
- crisis in Virginia in 1989 (see following stories). Sabia is
- almost certainly carried by rodents and is not contagious by
- casual contact (the afflicted scientist evidently got it from
- tiny bits of tissue that flew into his unprotected eyes or nose
- or both). The Yale lab, moreover, is classified as a level-3
- biohazard facility, meaning, among other things, that it is
- kept at negative air pressure. Outside air can flow in through
- tiny cracks, but air flows out only via heavily filtered vents.
- </p>
- <p> Even so, the accident has raised questions about whether such
- dangerous disease agents are being handled carefully enough.
- Sabia and several related viruses--Junin, Machupo and Guanarito
- in South America and Lassa in Africa, all members of the arenavirus
- family--are particularly frightening because they can kill
- in such a grisly way. Characteristic symptoms are high fever,
- uncontrolled bleeding in virtually every organ and finally shock.
- The liver turns yellow and decomposes. Blood can leak from literally
- every bodily orifice, including the eyes and the pores of the
- skin.
- </p>
- <p> But while some other arenaviruses have been known to doctors
- for at least two decades, Sabia was never seen before 1990.
- In that year, a female agricultural engineer checked into a
- hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with a high fever. Within days
- she was dead. Brazilian scientists tried to identify the infectious
- agent; one of their number fell ill and nearly died in the process.
- But they could determine only that it was a member of the arenavirus
- clan, so they sent a sample on to Yale for further identification.
- </p>
- <p> It was the infected Yale researcher who originally helped show
- that this was a brand-new virus. That is still almost all scientists
- know about it. Says Dr. Robert Shope, director of the Yale virus
- lab: "We're reasoning by analogy to other arenaviruses that
- Sabia has a rodent reservoir. Once the reservoir and transmission
- are understood, it should be possible to take measures to control
- the infection. This is our ultimate aim."
- </p>
- <p> That is also the aim for the scores of other viruses that the
- Yale lab and a select few others in the U.S. receive constantly
- from around the world. Says Shope: "About 100 of the viruses
- we have can infect people, and of those, 10% to 20% can kill."
- But even if scientists find ways to deal with all of those,
- there will always be more. New viruses are continually leaping
- from animal populations, where they have circulated harmlessly
- for years, into humans, and the problem has only become worse
- as people have moved into formerly uninhabited areas.
- </p>
- <p> Yale officials said last week that they had never contemplated
- shutting down the research lab entirely. What they might have
- to consider, though, perhaps in consultation with the CDC, is
- treating Sabia virus as a so-called class 4 biohazard from now
- on, which means researchers will be able to handle it only inside
- a glove box or while wearing a space suit. Lassa and Guanarito
- are deemed class 4 already. The CDC might also do well to institute
- a rule that any unclassified infectious agent should be considered
- class 4 until proved otherwise.
- </p>
- <p> Meanwhile, the first potential U.S. victims will be coming off
- Sabia watch next week; so far, nobody has shown any evidence
- of symptoms. They were lucky the Yale man was dealing with a
- virus that is not highly contagious. If researchers do not tighten
- some of their procedures, the next outbreak might not be so
- benign.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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